Environmental Factors And Health Promotion: Accident Prevention And Safety Promotion For Parents And Caregivers Of Infants

 Details:

The growth, development, and learned behaviors that occur during the first year of infancy have a direct effect on the individual throughout a lifetime. For this assignment, research an environmental factor that poses a threat to the health or safety of infants and develop a health promotion that can be presented to caregivers.

Create a 10-12 slide PowerPoint health promotion, with speaker notes, that outlines a teaching plan. For the presentation of your PowerPoint, use Loom to create a voice over or a video. Include an additional slide for the Loom link at the beginning, and an additional slide for references at the end.

Include the following in your presentation:

  1. Describe the selected environmental factor. Explain how the environmental factor you selected can potentially affect the health or safety of infants.
  2. Create a health promotion plan that can be presented to caregivers to address the environmental factor and improve the overall health and well-being of infants.
  3. Offer recommendations on accident prevention and safety promotion as they relate to the selected environmental factor and the health or safety of infants.
  4. Offer examples, interventions, and suggestions from evidence-based research. At least three scholarly resources are required. Two of the three resources must be peer-reviewed and no more than 6 years old.
  5. Provide readers with two community resources, a national resource, and a Web-based resource. Include a brief description and contact information for each resource.
  6. In developing your PowerPoint, take into consideration the health care literacy level of your target audience, as well as the demographic of the caregiver/patient (socioeconomic level, language, culture, and any other relevant characteristic of the caregiver) for which the presentation is tailored

Refer to the resource, “Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.

Refer to the resource, “Loom,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on recording your presentation.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

 
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Philosophy Of Nursing

Assignment: Philosophy of Nursing

What is your philosophy when it comes to nursing? Which aspects of your philosophy do you think reflect the philosophical influences that have shaped the profession and are likely shared by other nurses? Which aspects of your philosophy reflect your personal values, beliefs, experiences, and unique perspective? How is your philosophy demonstrated through your practice?

This Assignment provides an opportunity for you to examine your philosophy of nursing within the context of the information presented this week.

To prepare:

  • Review the information presented in the Learning Resources with your own philosophy of nursing in mind. Focus on any new insights you gained from the readings and how they influence your philosophy.
  • Reflect on how philosophy influences scientific approaches or knowledge development in nursing.
  • Examine how positivism and post-positivism have influenced approaches to nursing science (including research methods) and nursing practice. Conduct additional research as necessary using credible websites and the Walden library.

By Thursday 06/08/17, write a 6- to 7-page APA paper with a minimum of 5 references from the list of required readings below that include the level one headings as numbered below:

1)       Introduction (must end with a purpose statement e.g. “the purpose of this paper is…”)

2)       Articulates your philosophy of nursing identifying the philosophical influences and summarizing how this week’s readings influenced your views/beliefs.

3)       Explains how nursing’s philosophical foundations influence your nursing practice and provides at least two specific examples.

4)       Answers the question: What is the relationship between philosophy and knowledge development? How is this evidenced in your nursing philosophy or practice?

5)       Outlines how positivism and post-positivism influences approaches to nursing science (including research methods) and nursing practice as well as your own personal philosophy.

6)       Conclusion (Summary of the paper)

Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from appropriate Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.

Required Readings

McEwin, M., & Wills, E.M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.

Chapter 1, “Philosophy, Science, and Nursing”

 Chapter 1 introduces the scientific and philosophical foundations of nursing and how these contribute to knowledge development within the discipline of nursing.

Gray, J.R., Grove, S.K., & Sutherland, S. (2017). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Chapter 1, “Discovering the World of Nursing Research”

 Chapter 1 introduces nursing research and discusses how science, theory, and philosophy all influence research.

Chapter 2, “Evolution of Research in Building Evidence-Based Nursing Practice”

 Chapter 2 reviews the history of nursing research beginning with the work of Florence Nightingale and examines the influence of nursing research today on evidence-based practice.

Moran, K., Burson, R., & Conrad, D. (2017). The doctor of nursing practice scholarly project: A framework for success (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Chapter 1, “Setting the Stage for the Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project”

Chapter 5, “The phenomenon of Interest”

Chapter 6, “Developing the Scholarly Project”

Isaacs, S., Ploeg, J., & Tompkins C. (2009). How can Rorty help nursing science in the development of a philosophical ‘foundation’? Nursing Philosophy, 10(2), 81-90. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2008.00364.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

This article discusses the application of the Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy to nursing practices and research.

Kinsella, E. A. (2010). Professional knowledge and the epistemology of reflective practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11(1), 3-14. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2009.00428.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article examines the philosophical underpinnings and epistemological assumptions of reflective practice in an effort to advance understanding for application in professional healthcare settings.

Mackay, M. (2009). Why nursing has not embraced the clinician-scientist role. Nursing Philosophy, 10(4), 287-296. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2009.00416.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 In this article, the role of the clinician-scientist and importance of clinical research for nursing is examined.

Persson, J. (2010). Misconceptions of positivism and five unnecessary science theoretic mistakes they bring in their train. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(5), 651-661. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.12.009

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article discusses misconceptions of positivism and the implications of these misconceptions for nursing researchers.

Pesut, B., & Johnson, J. (2008). Reinstating the ‘Queen’: Understanding philosophical inquiry in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61(1), 115-121. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 -2648.2007.04493.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 This article provides an analysis of the use of philosophical inquiry within nursing research. The article identifies characteristics of philosophical inquiry as well as common tools used in this methodology.

Porter, S. (2001). Nightingale’s realist philosophy of science. Nursing Philosophy, 2(1), 14-25. doi:10.1046/j.1466-769X.2001.00029.x

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 In this article, Florence Nightingale’s realist philosophy of science is compared to today’s dominant philosophy of positivism.

Optional Resources

Connor, M.J. (2004). The practical discourse in philosophy and nursing: An exploration of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 5(1), 54-66. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2004.00159.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Chou, M., & Lee, L. (2007). Initial formation of nursing philosophies following fundamental clinical practice: The experience of male nursing students. Journal of Nursing Research, 15(2), 127-137.

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Effken, J. (2007). The informational basis for nursing intuition: Philosophical underpinnings. Nursing Philosophy, 8(3), 187-200.

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Mantzoukas, S., & Jasper, M. (2008). Types of nursing knowledge used to guide care of hospitalized patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(3), 318-326. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04587.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Mills, J., Chapman, Y., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2007). Grounded theory: A methodological spiral from positivism to postmodernism. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(1), 72-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04228.x

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Persson, J., & Sahlin, N. (2008). A philosophical account of interventions and causal representation in nursing research. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(4), 547-556. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.11.008

 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

 Trochim, W. (2006). Research methods knowledge base: Positivism & post-positivism. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positvsm.php

 
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Policy And Organizational Behavior

ITS IMPORTANT TO MEET THE COMPETENCES!

Investigate your organization’s compliance rate with one specific core measure of your choice and write a 2-3-page (maximum) executive summary analyzing the financial and regulatory impact of organizational compliance with your chosen measure. Include recommendations for improving performance on the measure. 

In order to promote safe, caring, patient-centered environments, nurse leaders must both conceptually understand and be proficient at performing a wide variety of leadership skills. Effective nursing leaders develop and maintain awareness of issues that emerge at many levels within and outside of their organizations. In addition to developing self-assessing competencies necessary for their roles, nurse leaders must also acquire organizational and systems leadership skill sets.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  • Competency 4: Policy, Finance, and Regulations – Understand the scope and role of policy, finance, and regulatory environments in relationship to individual and population outcomes.       
    • (IMPORTANT) -Compare the compliance rates of a specific measure for different organizations.
    • (IMPORTANT) -Explain the importance of compliance in terms of policy, regulation, and finance.
  • Competency 5: Communication – Communicate effectively with all members of the health care team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.       
    • (IMPORTANT) -Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional.
  • Competency 6: Organizational and Systems Management – Apply knowledge of organizational behavior, nursing theory, and systems (micro- and macro-) as appropriate for the scope and role of one’s own practice.       
    • (IMPORTANT) -Explain strategies to overcome described organizational barriers to change.
  • Competency 9: Professional Role – Incorporate the qualities, skills, behaviors, and knowledge required to function as a patient advocate, practice high-quality care, assess and evaluate patient outcomes, and provide leadership in improving care.       
    • (IMPORTANT) -Identify the stakeholders affected by changes to a specific compliance measure and describe changes that would improve compliance of a specific measure.

Assessment Instructions 

For this assessment, write an executive summary analyzing the financial and regulatory impact of organizational compliance with a specific core measure of your choice. The summary must include recommendations for improving performance on the measure.

You must be able to explain the financial implications associated with the measure, as well as its importance in terms of policy, regulation, and finance. This is another good opportunity to consult with a key stakeholder within the organization. Talking to someone who works closely with the organization’s finances can help you develop a deeper understanding of the financial aspects of compliance. You also need to suggest ways your organization can improve compliance and how you would implement changes and overcome obstacles.

This may seem like an enormous undertaking, but you should approach it as if you were to present this information to your supervisor or manager. Keeping in mind that people in these positions do not have time to read a 10–12-page report, you would typically give them only an executive summary of your analyses and recommendations. That means that you will need to be very clear and very concise with the information you choose to include in the executive summary. Say as much as possible with as few words as possible.

Directions

Select a core measure and investigate your organization’s compliance rate with the measure. In your executive summary, address the following:

  1. Compare the compliance rates of your organization with those of other organizations.
  2. Explain why the measure is important in terms of policy, regulation, and finance.
  3. Describe changes that could be made that would improve compliance with the measure.
  4. Identify the stakeholders who would be affected by the changes.
  5. Identify obstacles you would expect to encounter and explain strategies to overcome these obstacles.

Additional Requirements

  • Format: Include a title page and references page. As this is an executive summary, do not use APA style and formatting. To determine the appropriate format, it may be helpful for you to review the documents used in your organization. How do they look? What kind of language is used in memos? These can help guide your development of this executive summary. Certainly, feel free to use bullet points as appropriate.
  • Length: Write a 2–3-page (maximum) summary of your information, not including the title page and references page.
  • References: You must still reference scholarly resources to support your work. Use at least three current scholarly or professional resources.
  • Font: Use 12-point, Times New Roman font.
 
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Quantitative Annotated Bibliography

 Quantitative Annotated Bibliography

In this week’s discussion question you were asked to consider a potential problem (appropriate to your role option) that you would like to investigate through nursing research. For this assignment you will review current research from South’s Online Library and provide a critical evaluation on that research through an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a brief summary and analysis of the journal article reviewed. For more information on annotated bibliographies please visit Purdue’s OWL: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/

A total of four annotated bibliographies are to be submitted (not to exceed one page each). The articles must come from nursing scholarly literature and may not be older than 5 years since publication. Please note that the articles must be research based and reflect a quantitative methodology (review our reading assignments). Web pages, magazines, textbooks, and other books are not acceptable.

Each annotation must address the following critical elements:

  • Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work
  • Brief description of the research conducted
  • Value and significance of the work (e.g., study’s findings, scope of the research project) as a contribution to the subject under consideration
  • Possible shortcomings or bias in the work
  • Conclusions or observations reached by the author
  • Summary as to why this research lends evidence to support the potential problem identified specific to your role option.

.

Assignment 3 Grading Criteria Maximum Points
Articles selected are appropriate to role option and support the potential problem identified.20
Addresses required elements for each of the 4 nursing research articles that provide supportive evidence for the problem.40
Articles selected meet guidelines (quantitative methodology, nursing scholarly literature, no older than 5 years since publication).30
Followed APA guidelines for writing style, format, spelling, and grammar.10
Total:
 
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Capstone Practicum Assignment: Phase 6: Dissemination Plan

Question Description

Tasks:

In this module, you will combine all of the previous assignments together and add a new component called the Dissemination Plan.

Dissemination Plan

My Project(There have been a rise in patient falls.Sitting clinical staff around the clock with high-risk fall patients will prevent falls in the hospitals.When a patient is admitted to the hospital, the nurse will assess the patient for risk of falls.If it is determined that the patient is a high-risk for fall, a roster will be made for Registered Nurses and Certified Nurse Assistants to take turns hourly to sit with the patient until discharge.The time spent with the patient can be used to catch up on charting.Utilizing clinical staff to sit will save some money and also prevent falls)

Prepare a 1- to 2-page paper for the dissemination portion of your final practicum assignment paper where you will communicate the findings of your research. The dissemination process involves developing a final presentation and presenting those findings to the target audience. Presenting and publishing findings helps to advance the knowledge of a discipline. If a researcher fails to disseminate findings, the time, data, knowledge, and funding spent on the research are wasted. Ultimately, failure to disseminate findings does not allow for the advancement of the nursing profession.

Dissemination: Design an action plan for communicating the proposal to your health care organization.

Components of a Dissemination Plan: Developing a dissemination plan will facilitate the translation of your research into practice. 

Your dissemination plan will include six major elements:

  • Research findings and products—What is going to be disseminated?
  • End users—Who will apply it in practice?
  • Dissemination work plan—Where will you start?
  • Dissemination partners—With whom (individuals, organizations, or networks) will you partner to reach end users?
  • Communication—How will you convey the research outcomes?
  • Evaluation—How will you determine if your dissemination plan worked?

Reflect on your selected issue and identify areas where you might need additional professional development to better your understanding of the selected area.

Using evidence from the literature, explain where and how you can increase your knowledge and skills in that area.

 
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“What Is Population Health

To effectively develop policies and programs to improve population health, it is useful to use a framework to guide the process. Different organizations and governmental agencies (for example, Healthy People 2020) have created a variety of such frameworks, which establish measures for assessing population health. These measures frequently are derived from the examination of epidemiologic data, which include key measures of population health such as mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, etc. Within each measure are a variety of progress indicators that use epidemiologic data to assess improvement or change. 

For this Discussion, you will apply a framework developed by Kindig, Asada, and Booske (2008) to a population health issue of interest to you. This framework includes five key health determinants that should be considered when developing policies and programs to improve population health: access to health care, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and genetics. 

                                                 To prepare:

Review the article “A Population Health Framework for Setting National and State Health Goals,” focusing on population health determinants.

Review the information in the blog post “What Is Population Health?”

With this information in mind, elect a population health issue that is of interest to you-(SELECT CHILDHOOD OBESITY)

Using this week’s Learning Resources, the Walden Library, and other relevant resources, conduct a search to locate current data on your population health issue.

Consider how epidemiologic data has been used to design population health measures and policy initiatives in addressing this issue.

Post a summary of how the five population health determinants (access to health care, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and genetics) affect your selected health issue, and which determinants you think are most impactful for that particular issue and why. 

Explain how epidemiologic data supports the significance of your issue, and explain how this data has been used in designing population health measures and policy initiatives.

(CHECK THE DOCUMENT AND VIDEOS ATTACHED BELLOW)

 
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599 Project Deliverable 5 Final Project and Presentation, management

Question description

This assignment consists of two (2) sections: a final capstone project plan and a closing process PowerPoint presentation. You must submit both sections as separate files for the completion of this assignment.Label each file name according to the section of the assignment it is written for.

Section 1: Final Capstone Project Plan

You are now in the final stage of the capstone project development. All previous documentation should be combined into one (1) document that will serve as the statement of work for the project. Your goal is to have the CEO of your chosen company and his leadership team approve your strategy recommendations. The presentation should be very detailed in order to address potential concerns and provide support your recommendations. However, the executive team is only interested in a thirty (30) minute summation. Therefore, you also must create a compelling executive summary that is supported by your detail that convinces the executive team that it should move forward with your recommendation.

  1. Develop a twenty to thirty (20-30) page project plan in which you:

a. Write a two to three (2-3) page executive summary in which you provide a high-level technical overview of your project where you address the following from the case study:

i. Strategy Development

ii. Innovation and Competitive Analysis

iii. Exploiting Innovation

iv. The Organization’s Response to Change

b. Combine all previous documentation for Project Deliverables 1-4 in which you provide all aspects of the strategic management process into the project plan.

c. Compile all the quality resources from the previous deliverables. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Section 2: Closing Process PowerPoint Presentation

In addition to your detailed executive summary, you must present your findings to the executive team and the venture capital group that along with the executive summary will convince everyone that your solution is optimal.

Your PowerPoint must have speaker notes and these speaker notes must be written as if you were presenting this project to your client. A template is provided for your use. You can modify the template based on your professor’s instructions. Do not omit any information from the template because the information aligns with the rubric. Note: The template can be found here.

2. Prepare a nine to fifteen (9-15) slide presentation in which you:

a. Include a title slide and a slide in which you provide the purpose and objectives of the presentation.

b. Examine your chosen company’s competitive environment.

c. Determine your chosen company’s main strengths and weaknesses.

d. Determine and evaluate two to three (2-3) strategies to exploit its innovation breakthroughs.

e. Recommend a strategy for your chosen company.

f. Advise key strategic implementation approach.

g. Include a summation slide in which you provide the key takeaways for the CEO.

Your presentation must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Use the PowerPoint presentation template that can be found in the online course shell. Your professor will inform you if the template can be modified.
  • Provide a references slide. The Reference Slide must follow APA format.
  • Create Speaker Notes to accompany each slide that emphasize and embellish the key points to the stakeholders. Please be clear and thorough as if you are actually presenting.
 
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Teaching Proposal

Develop a community teaching proposal designed to address the needs of a diabetic population in your community.

Select one of the following as the focus for the teaching plan:

  1. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
  2. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population

In your teaching proposal address the following topics: 

  1. Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (statistics related to the topic):
  2. Nursing Diagnosis:
  3. Readiness for Learning: Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn.
  4. Learning Theory to Be Utilized: Explain how the theory will be applied.
  5. Goal: Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) objective(s) utilized as the goal for the teaching. Include the appropriate objective number and rationale for using the selected HP2020 objective (use at least one objective from one of the 24 focus areas). If an HP2020 objective does not support your teaching, explain how your teaching applies to one of the two overarching HP2020 goals.
  6. How Does This HP2020 Objective Relate to Alma Ata’s Health for All Global Initiatives.
  7. Develop Behavioral Objectives (Including Domains), Content, and Strategies/Methods: 
  8. Creativity: How was creativity applied in the teaching methods/strategies? 
  9. Planned Evaluation of Objectives (Outcome Evaluation): Describe what you will measure for each objective and how.
  10. Planned Evaluation of Goal:  Describe how and when you could evaluate the overall effectiveness of your teaching plan.
  11. Planned Evaluation of Lesson and Teacher (Process Evaluation):
  12. Barriers: What are potential barriers that may arise during teaching and how will those be handled?
  13. Communication: How will you begin your presentation (hook them in)? How will you end your presentation (go out with a bang)? What nonverbal communication techniques will you employ?

Complete the “Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal.” This will help you organize your plan and create an outline for the written assignment.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,

 
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Article on tissues

Question Description

Read the discover magazine article “Will we ever grow organs” and answer the question provided.

WILL WE EVER GROW ORGANS?

Yong, E. (2012, February 28). Will we ever grow organs? Retrieved from http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience…

In June 2011, an Eritrean man entered an operating theatre with a cancer-ridden windpipe, but left with a brand new one. People had received windpipe transplants before, but Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene’s was different. His was the first organ of its kind to be completely grown in a lab using the patient’s own cells.

Beyene’s windpipe is one of the latest successes in the ongoing quest to grow artificial organs in a lab. The goal is deceptively simple: build bespoke organs for individual patients by sculpting them from living flesh on demand. No-one will have to wait on lengthy transplant lists for donor organs and no-one will have to take powerful and debilitating drugs to prevent their immune systems from rejecting new body parts.

The practicalities are, as you can imagine, less straightforward. Take the example I have already described. The process began with researchers taking 3D scans of Beyene’s windpipe, and from these scans Alexander Seifalian at University College London built an exact replica from a special polymer and a glass mould. This was flown to Sweden, where surgeon Paolo Macchiarini seeded this scaffold with stem cells taken from Beyene’s bone marrow. These stem cells, which can develop into every type of cell in the body, soaked into the structure and slowly recreated the man’s own tissues. The team at Stockholm’s Karolinska University Hospital incubated the growing windpipe in a bioreactor — a vat designed to mimic the conditions inside the human body.

Two days later, Macchiarini transplanted the windpipe during a 12-hour operation, and after a month, Beyene was discharged from the hospital, cancer-free. A few months later, the team repeated the trick with another cancer patient, an American man called Christopher Lyles.

Macchiarini’s success shows how far we have advanced towards the goal of bespoke organs. But even researchers at the cutting edge of this area admit that decades of research lie ahead to overcome all obstacles.

“A good way to think about it is that there are four levels of complexity,” says Anthony Atala from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, one of the leaders of the field. The first level includes flat organs like skin, which comprise just a few types of cells. Next up are tubes, like windpipes or blood vessels, with slightly more complex shapes and more varied collections of cells. The third level includes hollow sac-like organs, like the bladder or stomach. Unlike the tubes, which just act as pipes for fluid, these organs have to perform on demand — secreting, expanding or filtering as the situation arises.

GROW YOUR OWN

Scientists have fashioned lab-grown organs from all three of these categories. Surgeons have implanted artificial skin and cartilage into thousands of patients. Synthetic windpipes are now a reality. Artificial blood vessels are going through clinical trials for patients on dialysis and children with congenital heart problems. Atala himself has transplanted lab-grown bladders into several patients, the first of whom has now been living with her new organ for over a decade.

It is the fourth level that presents the greatest challenge: the solid organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs and liver. They are thicker than most of the others, and each has a complicated architecture, featuring many different types of cells and an extensive network of blood vessels to provide them with oxygen and nutrients. Incorporating these vessels into growing organs, especially at the microscopic scale required, is a particularly vexing problem. Without cracking it, lab-grown organs will always stay small and simple.

But whether it is “level one” or “level four” organs, the basic premise is the same. You need a source of the patients’ own cells, and you need to coax them into growing in the right way. The cells can come from a patient’s own organs — even a sample the size of a postage stamp can be expanded to seed an entire scaffold. Stem cells, as used for Beyene’s windpipe transplant, provide an even more efficient source. And since 2006, scientists have been rapidly developing ways of reprogramming adult cells back into a stem—like state, providing a ready supply for aspiring organ—builders.

Once you have the cells, you need to steer the way they grow and specialise. That means getting the right balance of temperature, pH, hormones, and more. It also means exposing growing tissues to the forces they would normally experience inside the body. Engineered arteries need to experience pulses of pressure that simulate the blood that normally pumps through them. Engineered muscle needs to be stretched. Engineered lungs need to feel a regular flow of air. “Every cell has the right genetic information to create the organ. You just need to put them in the right environment,” says Atala.

WE CAN BUILD YOU

The cells also need to grow along the right shapes, so getting the right scaffold is essential. For simple organs, like Beyene’s windpipe, it is possible to fabricate the whole scaffold from scratch. But solid organs have more complex shapes, so some teams start with existing organs, taken either from cadavers or from animals. They use detergents to strip away the cells, leaving behind a natural scaffold of connective tissues and blood vessels, which can then be seeded with a patient’s stem cells. It is the equivalent of stripping a building down to its frame and filling the walls back in. Scientists have made livers, lungs and even beating hearts in this way, and some have started to transplant their organs into animals.

Some researchers are excited by the potential organ-building capabilities of three-dimensional (3-D) printers. These devices are modified versions of everyday inkjet printers that squirt living cells rather than drops of ink. Layer by layer, they can make three-dimensional structures such as organs and, as of September last year, the blood vessels they contain. Atala is developing this technique — he wowed the audience at a TED conference last year by printing a kidney on stage (although not a functional one). He says, “For the level four organs, it’s just a matter of time,” says Atala. “We’re still a long way from full replacement, but I do believe that these technologies are achievable.”

Even after scientists successfully devise ways of growing organs, there are many logistical challenges to overcome before these isolated success stories can become everyday medical reality. “Can you manufacture them and grow them on large scales?” asks Robert Langer, a pioneer in the field. “Can you create them reproducibly? Can you preserve them [in the cold] so they have a reasonable shelf—life? There are a lot of very important engineering challenges to overcome.”

Doing so will take time, perhaps decades. Laura Niklason from Yale University first described how to engineer an artery in 1999, but these lab-grown vessels are only now ready for clinical trials in humans. If these simple tubes — just level two in Atala’s hierarchy — took a dozen years to advance, it is a fair bet that solid organs will take much longer.

But advance they will, driven in part by a substantial and growing medical need. “We’re doing a better job of keeping people alive longer, and the more you age, the more your organs tend to fail,” says Atala. “The number of patients on our transplant lists continues to increase, but the number of transplants performed remains flat. The need is only going to become more prominent as time goes on.”

1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs.

2. Explain what is already being accomplished in the areas of tissue and organ bioengineering and what still remains to be accomplished.

3. Discuss how these medical advancements impact individuals and society.

 
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Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations

 Details:

Analyze the health status of a specific minority group. Select a minority group that is represented in the United States (examples include: American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian American, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.)

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, compare and contrast the health status of the minority group you have selected to the national average. Consider the cultural, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical barriers to health. How do race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education influence health for the minority group you have selected? Address the following in your essay:

  1. What is the current health status of this minority group?
  2. How is health promotion defined by the group?
  3. What health disparities exist for this group?
  4. Describe at least one approach using the three levels of health promotion prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) that is likely to be the most effective given the unique needs of the minority group you have selected. Provide an explanation of why it might be the most effective choice.

Cite a minimum of three references in the paper.

You will find important health information regarding minority groups by exploring the following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) links:

  1. Minority Health: http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/index.html
  2. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH): http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/reach.htm
  3. Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations: http://www.samhsa.gov/specific-populations/racial-ethnic-minority

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

 
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