Question Description
Read the discover magazine article “Will we ever grow organs” and answer the question provided.
WILL WE EVER GROW ORGANS?
Yong, E. (2012, February 28). Will we ever grow organs? Retrieved from http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience…
In
June 2011, an Eritrean man entered an operating theatre with a
cancer-ridden windpipe, but left with a brand new one. People had
received windpipe transplants before, but Andemariam Teklesenbet
Beyene’s was different. His was the first organ of its kind to be
completely grown in a lab using the patient’s own cells.
Beyene’s
windpipe is one of the latest successes in the ongoing quest to grow
artificial organs in a lab. The goal is deceptively simple: build
bespoke organs for individual patients by sculpting them from living
flesh on demand. No-one will have to wait on lengthy transplant lists
for donor organs and no-one will have to take powerful and debilitating
drugs to prevent their immune systems from rejecting new body parts.
The
practicalities are, as you can imagine, less straightforward. Take the
example I have already described. The process began with researchers
taking 3D scans of Beyene’s windpipe, and from these scans Alexander
Seifalian at University College London built an exact replica from a
special polymer and a glass mould. This was flown to Sweden, where
surgeon Paolo Macchiarini seeded this scaffold with stem cells taken
from Beyene’s bone marrow. These stem cells, which can develop into
every type of cell in the body, soaked into the structure and slowly
recreated the man’s own tissues. The team at Stockholm’s Karolinska
University Hospital incubated the growing windpipe in a bioreactor — a
vat designed to mimic the conditions inside the human body.
Two
days later, Macchiarini transplanted the windpipe during a 12-hour
operation, and after a month, Beyene was discharged from the hospital,
cancer-free. A few months later, the team repeated the trick with
another cancer patient, an American man called Christopher Lyles.
Macchiarini’s
success shows how far we have advanced towards the goal of bespoke
organs. But even researchers at the cutting edge of this area admit that
decades of research lie ahead to overcome all obstacles.
“A good
way to think about it is that there are four levels of complexity,” says
Anthony Atala from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine,
one of the leaders of the field. The first level includes flat organs
like skin, which comprise just a few types of cells. Next up are tubes,
like windpipes or blood vessels, with slightly more complex shapes and
more varied collections of cells. The third level includes hollow
sac-like organs, like the bladder or stomach. Unlike the tubes, which
just act as pipes for fluid, these organs have to perform on demand —
secreting, expanding or filtering as the situation arises.
GROW YOUR OWN
Scientists
have fashioned lab-grown organs from all three of these categories.
Surgeons have implanted artificial skin and cartilage into thousands of
patients. Synthetic windpipes are now a reality. Artificial blood
vessels are going through clinical trials for patients on dialysis and
children with congenital heart problems. Atala himself has transplanted
lab-grown bladders into several patients, the first of whom has now been
living with her new organ for over a decade.
It is the fourth
level that presents the greatest challenge: the solid organs like the
kidneys, heart, lungs and liver. They are thicker than most of the
others, and each has a complicated architecture, featuring many
different types of cells and an extensive network of blood vessels to
provide them with oxygen and nutrients. Incorporating these vessels into
growing organs, especially at the microscopic scale required, is a
particularly vexing problem. Without cracking it, lab-grown organs will
always stay small and simple.
But whether it is “level one” or
“level four” organs, the basic premise is the same. You need a source of
the patients’ own cells, and you need to coax them into growing in the
right way. The cells can come from a patient’s own organs — even a
sample the size of a postage stamp can be expanded to seed an entire
scaffold. Stem cells, as used for Beyene’s windpipe transplant, provide
an even more efficient source. And since 2006, scientists have been
rapidly developing ways of reprogramming adult cells back into a
stem—like state, providing a ready supply for aspiring organ—builders.
Once
you have the cells, you need to steer the way they grow and specialise.
That means getting the right balance of temperature, pH, hormones, and
more. It also means exposing growing tissues to the forces they would
normally experience inside the body. Engineered arteries need to
experience pulses of pressure that simulate the blood that normally
pumps through them. Engineered muscle needs to be stretched. Engineered
lungs need to feel a regular flow of air. “Every cell has the right
genetic information to create the organ. You just need to put them in
the right environment,” says Atala.
WE CAN BUILD YOU
The
cells also need to grow along the right shapes, so getting the right
scaffold is essential. For simple organs, like Beyene’s windpipe, it is
possible to fabricate the whole scaffold from scratch. But solid organs
have more complex shapes, so some teams start with existing organs,
taken either from cadavers or from animals. They use detergents to strip
away the cells, leaving behind a natural scaffold of connective tissues
and blood vessels, which can then be seeded with a patient’s stem
cells. It is the equivalent of stripping a building down to its frame
and filling the walls back in. Scientists have made livers, lungs and
even beating hearts in this way, and some have started to transplant
their organs into animals.
Some researchers are excited by the
potential organ-building capabilities of three-dimensional (3-D)
printers. These devices are modified versions of everyday inkjet
printers that squirt living cells rather than drops of ink. Layer by
layer, they can make three-dimensional structures such as organs and, as
of September last year, the blood vessels they contain. Atala is
developing this technique — he wowed the audience at a TED conference
last year by printing a kidney on stage (although not a functional one).
He says, “For the level four organs, it’s just a matter of time,” says
Atala. “We’re still a long way from full replacement, but I do believe
that these technologies are achievable.”
Even after scientists
successfully devise ways of growing organs, there are many logistical
challenges to overcome before these isolated success stories can become
everyday medical reality. “Can you manufacture them and grow them on
large scales?” asks Robert Langer, a pioneer in the field. “Can you
create them reproducibly? Can you preserve them [in the cold] so they
have a reasonable shelf—life? There are a lot of very important
engineering challenges to overcome.”
Doing so will take time,
perhaps decades. Laura Niklason from Yale University first described how
to engineer an artery in 1999, but these lab-grown vessels are only now
ready for clinical trials in humans. If these simple tubes — just level
two in Atala’s hierarchy — took a dozen years to advance, it is a fair
bet that solid organs will take much longer.
But advance they
will, driven in part by a substantial and growing medical need. “We’re
doing a better job of keeping people alive longer, and the more you age,
the more your organs tend to fail,” says Atala. “The number of patients
on our transplant lists continues to increase, but the number of
transplants performed remains flat. The need is only going to become
more prominent as time goes on.”
1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs.
2.
Explain what is already being accomplished in the areas of tissue and
organ bioengineering and what still remains to be accomplished.
3. Discuss how these medical advancements impact individuals and society.
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Article on tissues
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion Description
Read the discover magazine article “Will we ever grow organs” and answer the question provided.
WILL WE EVER GROW ORGANS?
Yong, E. (2012, February 28). Will we ever grow organs? Retrieved from http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience…
In June 2011, an Eritrean man entered an operating theatre with a cancer-ridden windpipe, but left with a brand new one. People had received windpipe transplants before, but Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene’s was different. His was the first organ of its kind to be completely grown in a lab using the patient’s own cells.
Beyene’s windpipe is one of the latest successes in the ongoing quest to grow artificial organs in a lab. The goal is deceptively simple: build bespoke organs for individual patients by sculpting them from living flesh on demand. No-one will have to wait on lengthy transplant lists for donor organs and no-one will have to take powerful and debilitating drugs to prevent their immune systems from rejecting new body parts.
The practicalities are, as you can imagine, less straightforward. Take the example I have already described. The process began with researchers taking 3D scans of Beyene’s windpipe, and from these scans Alexander Seifalian at University College London built an exact replica from a special polymer and a glass mould. This was flown to Sweden, where surgeon Paolo Macchiarini seeded this scaffold with stem cells taken from Beyene’s bone marrow. These stem cells, which can develop into every type of cell in the body, soaked into the structure and slowly recreated the man’s own tissues. The team at Stockholm’s Karolinska University Hospital incubated the growing windpipe in a bioreactor — a vat designed to mimic the conditions inside the human body.
Two days later, Macchiarini transplanted the windpipe during a 12-hour operation, and after a month, Beyene was discharged from the hospital, cancer-free. A few months later, the team repeated the trick with another cancer patient, an American man called Christopher Lyles.
Macchiarini’s success shows how far we have advanced towards the goal of bespoke organs. But even researchers at the cutting edge of this area admit that decades of research lie ahead to overcome all obstacles.
“A good way to think about it is that there are four levels of complexity,” says Anthony Atala from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, one of the leaders of the field. The first level includes flat organs like skin, which comprise just a few types of cells. Next up are tubes, like windpipes or blood vessels, with slightly more complex shapes and more varied collections of cells. The third level includes hollow sac-like organs, like the bladder or stomach. Unlike the tubes, which just act as pipes for fluid, these organs have to perform on demand — secreting, expanding or filtering as the situation arises.
GROW YOUR OWN
Scientists have fashioned lab-grown organs from all three of these categories. Surgeons have implanted artificial skin and cartilage into thousands of patients. Synthetic windpipes are now a reality. Artificial blood vessels are going through clinical trials for patients on dialysis and children with congenital heart problems. Atala himself has transplanted lab-grown bladders into several patients, the first of whom has now been living with her new organ for over a decade.
It is the fourth level that presents the greatest challenge: the solid organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs and liver. They are thicker than most of the others, and each has a complicated architecture, featuring many different types of cells and an extensive network of blood vessels to provide them with oxygen and nutrients. Incorporating these vessels into growing organs, especially at the microscopic scale required, is a particularly vexing problem. Without cracking it, lab-grown organs will always stay small and simple.
But whether it is “level one” or “level four” organs, the basic premise is the same. You need a source of the patients’ own cells, and you need to coax them into growing in the right way. The cells can come from a patient’s own organs — even a sample the size of a postage stamp can be expanded to seed an entire scaffold. Stem cells, as used for Beyene’s windpipe transplant, provide an even more efficient source. And since 2006, scientists have been rapidly developing ways of reprogramming adult cells back into a stem—like state, providing a ready supply for aspiring organ—builders.
Once you have the cells, you need to steer the way they grow and specialise. That means getting the right balance of temperature, pH, hormones, and more. It also means exposing growing tissues to the forces they would normally experience inside the body. Engineered arteries need to experience pulses of pressure that simulate the blood that normally pumps through them. Engineered muscle needs to be stretched. Engineered lungs need to feel a regular flow of air. “Every cell has the right genetic information to create the organ. You just need to put them in the right environment,” says Atala.
WE CAN BUILD YOU
The cells also need to grow along the right shapes, so getting the right scaffold is essential. For simple organs, like Beyene’s windpipe, it is possible to fabricate the whole scaffold from scratch. But solid organs have more complex shapes, so some teams start with existing organs, taken either from cadavers or from animals. They use detergents to strip away the cells, leaving behind a natural scaffold of connective tissues and blood vessels, which can then be seeded with a patient’s stem cells. It is the equivalent of stripping a building down to its frame and filling the walls back in. Scientists have made livers, lungs and even beating hearts in this way, and some have started to transplant their organs into animals.
Some researchers are excited by the potential organ-building capabilities of three-dimensional (3-D) printers. These devices are modified versions of everyday inkjet printers that squirt living cells rather than drops of ink. Layer by layer, they can make three-dimensional structures such as organs and, as of September last year, the blood vessels they contain. Atala is developing this technique — he wowed the audience at a TED conference last year by printing a kidney on stage (although not a functional one). He says, “For the level four organs, it’s just a matter of time,” says Atala. “We’re still a long way from full replacement, but I do believe that these technologies are achievable.”
Even after scientists successfully devise ways of growing organs, there are many logistical challenges to overcome before these isolated success stories can become everyday medical reality. “Can you manufacture them and grow them on large scales?” asks Robert Langer, a pioneer in the field. “Can you create them reproducibly? Can you preserve them [in the cold] so they have a reasonable shelf—life? There are a lot of very important engineering challenges to overcome.”
Doing so will take time, perhaps decades. Laura Niklason from Yale University first described how to engineer an artery in 1999, but these lab-grown vessels are only now ready for clinical trials in humans. If these simple tubes — just level two in Atala’s hierarchy — took a dozen years to advance, it is a fair bet that solid organs will take much longer.
But advance they will, driven in part by a substantial and growing medical need. “We’re doing a better job of keeping people alive longer, and the more you age, the more your organs tend to fail,” says Atala. “The number of patients on our transplant lists continues to increase, but the number of transplants performed remains flat. The need is only going to become more prominent as time goes on.”
1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs.
2. Explain what is already being accomplished in the areas of tissue and organ bioengineering and what still remains to be accomplished.
3. Discuss how these medical advancements impact individuals and society.
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Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!
NB: We do not resell papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.
Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations
/in Uncategorized /by JosephDetails:
Analyze the health status of a specific minority group. Select a minority group that is represented in the United States (examples include: American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian American, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.)
In an essay of 750-1,000 words, compare and contrast the health status of the minority group you have selected to the national average. Consider the cultural, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical barriers to health. How do race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education influence health for the minority group you have selected? Address the following in your essay:
Cite a minimum of three references in the paper.
You will find important health information regarding minority groups by exploring the following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) links:
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
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here is the information, and also i will send you my professor comments for this work
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion Description
IT IS anatomy class and i need just pp, so i can sen to my profosser, make it sample DEAR STUDETNS :There are two remaining lab report assignments for the course, both of which involve the reproductive systems and are listed in your lab manual on pages 81 and 82. These are both assignments that can be completed outside of class time. The STD poster assignment is a report on a sexually transmitted disease and is described on page 81 of your lab manual. During summer classes I allow students to make a digital poster and upload it to shared files. You can do the assignment individually or with a classmate. The other assignment is the contraceptive report on page 82. There will be time to complete the report during the last lab on Monday but you may find it helpful to begin the report before lab. The format is powerpoint but you will upload the report instead of presenting it during class. In lab Monday we will combine labs 11 and 12 and there will be some time to work on either report. You will also be observing models, viewing slides and working with the cat a final time so there is a lot to complete.The content of each assignment is listed in the lab manual. Please email me if you have any questions.
and pic 3333 is an example for last year studetns
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Dimension of nursing
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion Description
In this written assignment, you have the opportunity to share your thoughts about how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others.
The Case of Mrs. G.
Mrs. G. is a 75 year old Hispanic woman who has been relatively well all of her life. She had been married for 50 years and had five children. Her children are grown with families of their own. All but one of her children live in other states. Mrs. G.’s husband passed away last year, which was devastating for her. She had been very close to him and relied upon him for everything. He was “the life of the party” she always said and was a loving and caring man. Since his passing, Mrs. G. has continued to live in the house they shared for 35 years. In the last month, Mrs. G. has fallen twice sustaining injuries, though minimal. Her home health nurse comes weekly to check in on her. Mrs. G. likes her very much and wishes she could come more often. Mrs. G.’s daughter who lives in the next town over, has been worried and decided with the urging of her siblings and the doctor to start looking for an assisted living facility for her mother. She found one last week and talked with the Director who said she would be happy to help in whatever way was best. The daughter decided to tell her mother that it was time for her to move, so she can be cared for and be safe. When she told her mother, Mrs. G. cried and said, “This will not happen ever. I plan to stay in this house of loving memories for the remainder of my life.”
In 3 – 4 pages answer the following questions:
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Software Testing Capstone Work
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion Description
You and your testing team have been tasked with testing a new benefits application that is being developed. Your company uses a flexible benefits plan, allowing company employees to customer their heal benefit plan based on personal preferences. The benefits application is expected to go live in 3 months.
Your company’s Human Resources department uses a cafeteria-style approach to provide employees with health care benefits. Each September, employees review their current benefits, modify their elections and then sign election forms. Any changes must be entered and tracked in the benefits application. For medical insurance, an employee enrolls with a preferred provider organization (PPO) or health maintenance organization (HMO). The company currently pays the monthly medical premiums for its employees. However, if an employee enrolls in a dental plan or vision plan, the employee pays a modest monthly premium for the optional plan. An employee may carry medical, dental, and/or vision coverage for one or more of his or her family members. In order to carry insurance on a family member, the employee must carry the same coverage. For example, to carry dental insurance on a spouse, the employee must also carry dental insurance on him or herself.
The benefits application must track employee information like employee ID, department ID, name, address information and office extension number. It must also track information about each insurance company to include the company number and company name. Dependent information and their relationship to the insured employee must also be tracked. An employee must be able to request an enrollment form, and Human Resources must be able to update the effective date of the health benefits on the form. In addition, the application must track the health care benefits rates for PPO and HMO, plus dental and vision rates. Benefits rates differ by employee only, employee + spouse, employee + spouse + one child, and employee + family.
Testing Assignment Description:
Milestone #3:
Continue developing your written report or PowerPoint presentation. you need to have the following elements added:
Requirement : 5 – 6 Pages
Deadline : 5 Days.
Note : Please Consider that I am giving 5 days time., So, $20 is the maximum that i can pay for this assignment.
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02.03 Muscle Contraction
/in Uncategorized /by JosephQuestion Description
For this assignment, you will create a model that shows the stages of the sliding filament theory of contraction. Your model can take many forms, including:
Your model type should include all of the following:
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Please Comment On Base This Answer. Please At Least 265 Words In APA Format. Thanks.
/in Uncategorized /by JosephCultural competency is the ability to work efficiently and effectively with people from diverse ethnic, cultural, political, economical and religious backgrounds. It is being concscious and respectful of one’s values, beliefs, traditions, and customs while remaining non-judgmental or biased. Additionally, cultural competency is about developing skills to improve one’s ability to control or change personal false beliefs, assumptions, and stereo-types. (Murphy, 2011). Once you are culturally competent, then you can treat your patient speciic to their needs and build a relationship that shows empathy.
It is important to be knowledgeable and find sources of information about those who are different then you. What is important is the ability to recognize that one’s own thinking is not the only acceptable way of thinking. Cultural competence requires one to have an open-mind and have the willingness to accept others’ views. It may mean that you have to set your own beliefs aside in order to better serve others. Successful nursing practice requires self- awareness in order to be culturally competent.
One of the most significant jobs as a nurse is to be a patient advocate. This is one of the reasons cultural competence is important in nursing. (Anderson, 2012) When nurses advocate for their patients they must always respect the needs, wishes, beliefs and priorities of their patients and their families. Another way cultural competency is important in nursing practice is important effective communications between the provider and the patient. Effective communication is known to increase patient satisfaction, promote adherence to the developed plan of care, and increases good healthy outcomes for the patient. Cultural competence is imperative in order to provide high quality health care to patients from diverse social and cultural backgrounds.
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